No saturation in the accumulation of alien species worldwide
Identifieur interne : 000722 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000721; suivant : 000723No saturation in the accumulation of alien species worldwide
Auteurs : Hanno Seebens [Allemagne, Autriche] ; Tim M. Blackburn [Royaume-Uni, Australie, Afrique du Sud, Arabie saoudite] ; Ellie E. Dyer [Royaume-Uni] ; Piero Genovesi [Italie] ; Philip E. Hulme [Nouvelle-Zélande] ; Jonathan M. Jeschke [Allemagne] ; Shyama Pagad [Nouvelle-Zélande] ; Petr Pyšek [Afrique du Sud, République tchèque] ; Marten Winter [Allemagne] ; Margarita Arianoutsou [Grèce] ; Sven Bacher [Suisse] ; Bernd Blasius [Allemagne] ; Giuseppe Brundu [Italie] ; César Capinha [Portugal, Allemagne] ; Laura Celesti-Grapow [Italie] ; Wayne Dawson [Allemagne, Royaume-Uni] ; Stefan Dullinger [Autriche] ; Nicol Fuentes [Chili] ; Heinke J Ger [Équateur] ; John Kartesz [États-Unis] ; Marc Kenis [Suisse] ; Holger Kreft [Allemagne] ; Ingolf Kühn [Allemagne] ; Bernd Lenzner [Autriche] ; Andrew Liebhold [États-Unis] ; Alexander Mosena [Allemagne] ; Dietmar Moser [Autriche] ; Misako Nishino [États-Unis] ; David Pearman [Royaume-Uni] ; Jan Pergl [République tchèque] ; Wolfgang Rabitsch [Autriche] ; Julissa Rojas-Sandoval [États-Unis] ; Alain Roques [France] ; Stephanie Rorke [Royaume-Uni] ; Silvia Rossinelli [Suisse] ; Helen E. Roy [Royaume-Uni] ; Riccardo Scalera [Italie] ; Stefan Schindler [Autriche] ; Kate Ina Štajerová [République tchèque] ; Barbara Tokarska-Guzik [Pologne] ; Mark Van Kleunen [Allemagne] ; Kevin Walker [Royaume-Uni] ; Patrick Weigelt [Allemagne] ; Takehiko Yamanaka [Japon] ; Franz Essl [Autriche, Afrique du Sud]Source :
- Nature Communications [ 2041-1723 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
Although research on human-mediated exchanges of species has substantially intensified during the last centuries, we know surprisingly little about temporal dynamics of alien species accumulations across regions and taxa. Using a novel database of 45,813 first records of 16,926 established alien species, we show that the annual rate of first records worldwide has increased during the last 200 years, with 37% of all first records reported most recently (1970–2014). Inter-continental and inter-taxonomic variation can be largely attributed to the diaspora of European settlers in the nineteenth century and to the acceleration in trade in the twentieth century. For all taxonomic groups, the increase in numbers of alien species does not show any sign of saturation and most taxa even show increases in the rate of first records over time. This highlights that past efforts to mitigate invasions have not been effective enough to keep up with increasing globalization.
Url:
DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14435
PubMed: 28198420
PubMed Central: 5316856
Affiliations:
- Afrique du Sud, Allemagne, Arabie saoudite, Australie, Autriche, Chili, France, Grèce, Italie, Japon, Nouvelle-Zélande, Pologne, Portugal, Royaume-Uni, République tchèque, Suisse, Équateur, États-Unis
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Italia 39, 07100 Sassari,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Capinha, Cesar" sort="Capinha, Cesar" uniqKey="Capinha C" first="César" last="Capinha">César Capinha</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a22"><institution>CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Cátedra Infraestruturas de Portugal-Biodiversidade, Universidade do Porto</institution>, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão,<country>Portugal</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a23"><institution>Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Museumsmeile Bonn</institution>, 53113 Bonn,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see 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Moro, 5, 00185 Rome,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dawson, Wayne" sort="Dawson, Wayne" uniqKey="Dawson W" first="Wayne" last="Dawson">Wayne Dawson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a25"><institution>Department of Ecology, University of Konstanz</institution>, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a26"><institution>Department of Biosciences, Durham University</institution>, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dullinger, Stefan" sort="Dullinger, Stefan" 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2800 Delémont,<country>Switzerland</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kreft, Holger" sort="Kreft, Holger" uniqKey="Kreft H" first="Holger" last="Kreft">Holger Kreft</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a31"><institution>Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, Georg-August-University Göttingen</institution>, Büsgenweg 1, 37077 Göttingen,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kuhn, Ingolf" sort="Kuhn, Ingolf" uniqKey="Kuhn I" first="Ingolf" last="Kühn">Ingolf Kühn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a32"><institution>Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Department of Community Ecology</institution>, Theodor-Lieser-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a33"><institution>Department of Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg</institution>, Am Kirchweg 2, 06108 Halle,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a18"><institution>German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig</institution>, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lenzner, Bernd" sort="Lenzner, Bernd" uniqKey="Lenzner B" first="Bernd" last="Lenzner">Bernd 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id="a35"><institution>Center for Interamerican Studies (CIAS), Department of Experimental and Systems Ecology, Bielefeld University</institution>, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moser, Dietmar" sort="Moser, Dietmar" uniqKey="Moser D" first="Dietmar" last="Moser">Dietmar Moser</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna</institution>, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna,<country>Austria</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nishino, Misako" sort="Nishino, Misako" uniqKey="Nishino M" first="Misako" last="Nishino">Misako Nishino</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a29"><institution>Biota of North America Program (BONAP)</institution>, 9319 Bracken Lane, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pearman, David" sort="Pearman, David" uniqKey="Pearman D" first="David" last="Pearman">David Pearman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a36"><institution>Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland (BSBI)</institution>, Suite 14, Bridge House, 1-2 Station Bridge, Harrogate HG1 1SS,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pergl, Jan" sort="Pergl, Jan" uniqKey="Pergl J" first="Jan" last="Pergl">Jan Pergl</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a16"><institution>Department of Invasion Ecology, Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences</institution>, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice,<country>Czech Republic</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rabitsch, Wolfgang" sort="Rabitsch, Wolfgang" uniqKey="Rabitsch W" first="Wolfgang" last="Rabitsch">Wolfgang Rabitsch</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a37"><institution>Department of Biodiversity and Nature Conservation, Environment Agency Austria</institution>, Spittelauer Laende 5, 1090 Vienna,<country>Austria</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rojas Sandoval, Julissa" sort="Rojas Sandoval, Julissa" uniqKey="Rojas Sandoval J" first="Julissa" last="Rojas-Sandoval">Julissa Rojas-Sandoval</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a38"><institution>Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, MRC-166 Smithsonian Institution</institution>, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roques, Alain" sort="Roques, Alain" uniqKey="Roques A" first="Alain" last="Roques">Alain Roques</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a39"><institution>Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)</institution>, UR 0633, Zoologie Forestière, 45075 Orléans,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rorke, Stephanie" sort="Rorke, Stephanie" uniqKey="Rorke S" first="Stephanie" last="Rorke">Stephanie Rorke</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a40"><institution>Centre for Ecology and Hydrology</institution>, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford OX10 8BB,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rossinelli, Silvia" sort="Rossinelli, Silvia" uniqKey="Rossinelli S" first="Silvia" last="Rossinelli">Silvia Rossinelli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a20"><institution>Department of Biology, University of Fribourg</institution>, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg,<country>Switzerland</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roy, Helen E" sort="Roy, Helen E" uniqKey="Roy H" first="Helen E." last="Roy">Helen E. Roy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a40"><institution>Centre for Ecology and Hydrology</institution>, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford OX10 8BB,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scalera, Riccardo" sort="Scalera, Riccardo" uniqKey="Scalera R" first="Riccardo" last="Scalera">Riccardo Scalera</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a41"><institution>IUCN Species Survival Commission Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG)</institution>, Via Valentino Mazzola 38 T2 B 10, I-00142 Roma,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schindler, Stefan" sort="Schindler, Stefan" uniqKey="Schindler S" first="Stefan" last="Schindler">Stefan Schindler</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna</institution>, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna,<country>Austria</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stajerova, Kate Ina" sort="Stajerova, Kate Ina" uniqKey="Stajerova K" first="Kate Ina" last="Štajerová">Kate Ina Štajerová</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a16"><institution>Department of Invasion Ecology, Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences</institution>, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice,<country>Czech Republic</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a17"><institution>Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Charles University in Prague</institution>, Viničná 7, CZ-128 44 Prague,<country>Czech Republic</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tokarska Guzik, Barbara" sort="Tokarska Guzik, Barbara" uniqKey="Tokarska Guzik B" first="Barbara" last="Tokarska-Guzik">Barbara Tokarska-Guzik</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a42"><institution>Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Silesia</institution>, Jagiellonska Strasse 28, 40-032 Katowice,<country>Poland</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Kleunen, Mark" sort="Van Kleunen, Mark" uniqKey="Van Kleunen M" first="Mark" last="Van Kleunen">Mark Van Kleunen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a25"><institution>Department of Ecology, University of Konstanz</institution>, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Walker, Kevin" sort="Walker, Kevin" uniqKey="Walker K" first="Kevin" last="Walker">Kevin Walker</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a36"><institution>Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland (BSBI)</institution>, Suite 14, Bridge House, 1-2 Station Bridge, Harrogate HG1 1SS,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weigelt, Patrick" sort="Weigelt, Patrick" uniqKey="Weigelt P" first="Patrick" last="Weigelt">Patrick Weigelt</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a31"><institution>Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, Georg-August-University Göttingen</institution>, Büsgenweg 1, 37077 Göttingen,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yamanaka, Takehiko" sort="Yamanaka, Takehiko" uniqKey="Yamanaka T" first="Takehiko" last="Yamanaka">Takehiko Yamanaka</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a43"><institution>Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, NARO (NIAES)</institution>, 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8604,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Essl, Franz" sort="Essl, Franz" uniqKey="Essl F" first="Franz" last="Essl">Franz Essl</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna</institution>, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna,<country>Austria</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a7"><institution>Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University</institution>, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602,<country>South Africa</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">28198420</idno><idno type="pmc">5316856</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5316856</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5316856</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/ncomms14435</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000788</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000788</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000787</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000787</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000177</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000177</idno><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">001066</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">001066</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">001063</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">001063</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">001063</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">001063</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">004319</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">004319</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">004319</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">000717</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">000722</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">000722</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">No saturation in the accumulation of alien species worldwide</title><author><name sortKey="Seebens, Hanno" sort="Seebens, Hanno" uniqKey="Seebens H" first="Hanno" last="Seebens">Hanno Seebens</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F)</institution>, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna</institution>, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna,<country>Austria</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg</institution>, Carl-von-Ossietzky Strasse 9-11, 26111 Oldenburg,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blackburn, Tim M" sort="Blackburn, Tim M" uniqKey="Blackburn T" first="Tim M." last="Blackburn">Tim M. Blackburn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London</institution>, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London</institution>, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a6"><institution>School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide</institution>, Adelaide, South Australia 5005,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a7"><institution>Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University</institution>, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602,<country>South Africa</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a8"><institution>Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Program, King Saud University</institution>, Riyadh 1145,<country>Saudi Arabia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dyer, Ellie E" sort="Dyer, Ellie E" uniqKey="Dyer E" first="Ellie E." last="Dyer">Ellie E. Dyer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London</institution>, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London</institution>, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Genovesi, Piero" sort="Genovesi, Piero" uniqKey="Genovesi P" first="Piero" last="Genovesi">Piero Genovesi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a9"><institution>Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA)</institution>, Via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144 Rome,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a10"><institution>IUCN Species Survival Commission Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG)</institution>, 00144 Rome,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hulme, Philip E" sort="Hulme, Philip E" uniqKey="Hulme P" first="Philip E." last="Hulme">Philip E. Hulme</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a11"><institution>Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University</institution>, PO Box 85084, Lincoln, Christchurch 7648,<country>New Zealand</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nouvelle-Zélande</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jeschke, Jonathan M" sort="Jeschke, Jonathan M" uniqKey="Jeschke J" first="Jonathan M." last="Jeschke">Jonathan M. Jeschke</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a12"><institution>Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB)</institution>, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a13"><institution>Institute of Biology at the Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin</institution>, Königin-Luise-Strasse 1-3, 14195 Berlin,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a14"><institution>Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB)</institution>, Altensteinstrasse 34, 14195 Berlin,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pagad, Shyama" sort="Pagad, Shyama" uniqKey="Pagad S" first="Shyama" last="Pagad">Shyama Pagad</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a15"><institution>IUCN Species Survival Commission Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG), University of Auckland</institution>, Auckland 1072,<country>New Zealand</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nouvelle-Zélande</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pysek, Petr" sort="Pysek, Petr" uniqKey="Pysek P" first="Petr" last="Pyšek">Petr Pyšek</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a7"><institution>Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University</institution>, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602,<country>South Africa</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a16"><institution>Department of Invasion Ecology, Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences</institution>, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice,<country>Czech Republic</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a17"><institution>Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Charles University in Prague</institution>, Viničná 7, CZ-128 44 Prague,<country>Czech Republic</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Winter, Marten" sort="Winter, Marten" uniqKey="Winter M" first="Marten" last="Winter">Marten Winter</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a18"><institution>German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig</institution>, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arianoutsou, Margarita" sort="Arianoutsou, Margarita" uniqKey="Arianoutsou M" first="Margarita" last="Arianoutsou">Margarita Arianoutsou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a19"><institution>Faculty of Biology, Department of Ecology and Systematics, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens</institution>, Athens 15784<country>Greece</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bacher, Sven" sort="Bacher, Sven" uniqKey="Bacher S" first="Sven" last="Bacher">Sven Bacher</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a20"><institution>Department of Biology, University of Fribourg</institution>, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg,<country>Switzerland</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blasius, Bernd" sort="Blasius, Bernd" uniqKey="Blasius B" first="Bernd" last="Blasius">Bernd Blasius</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg</institution>, Carl-von-Ossietzky Strasse 9-11, 26111 Oldenburg,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brundu, Giuseppe" sort="Brundu, Giuseppe" uniqKey="Brundu G" first="Giuseppe" last="Brundu">Giuseppe Brundu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a21"><institution>Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari</institution>, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Capinha, Cesar" sort="Capinha, Cesar" uniqKey="Capinha C" first="César" last="Capinha">César Capinha</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a22"><institution>CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Cátedra Infraestruturas de Portugal-Biodiversidade, Universidade do Porto</institution>, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão,<country>Portugal</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a23"><institution>Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Museumsmeile Bonn</institution>, 53113 Bonn,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Celesti Grapow, Laura" sort="Celesti Grapow, Laura" uniqKey="Celesti Grapow L" first="Laura" last="Celesti-Grapow">Laura Celesti-Grapow</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a24"><institution>Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University</institution>, p. Moro, 5, 00185 Rome,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dawson, Wayne" sort="Dawson, Wayne" uniqKey="Dawson W" first="Wayne" last="Dawson">Wayne Dawson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a25"><institution>Department of Ecology, University of Konstanz</institution>, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a26"><institution>Department of Biosciences, Durham University</institution>, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dullinger, Stefan" sort="Dullinger, Stefan" uniqKey="Dullinger S" first="Stefan" last="Dullinger">Stefan Dullinger</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna</institution>, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna,<country>Austria</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fuentes, Nicol" sort="Fuentes, Nicol" uniqKey="Fuentes N" first="Nicol" last="Fuentes">Nicol Fuentes</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a27"><institution>Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción</institution>, Casilla 160-C, Concepción,<country>Chile</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Chili</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="J Ger, Heinke" sort="J Ger, Heinke" uniqKey="J Ger H" first="Heinke" last="J Ger">Heinke J Ger</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a28"><institution>Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora</institution>, Santa Cruz, Galápagos,<country>Ecuador</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Équateur</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kartesz, John" sort="Kartesz, John" uniqKey="Kartesz J" first="John" last="Kartesz">John Kartesz</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a29"><institution>Biota of North America Program (BONAP)</institution>, 9319 Bracken Lane, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kenis, Marc" sort="Kenis, Marc" uniqKey="Kenis M" first="Marc" last="Kenis">Marc Kenis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a30"><institution>CABI, Rue des Grillons 1</institution>, 2800 Delémont,<country>Switzerland</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kreft, Holger" sort="Kreft, Holger" uniqKey="Kreft H" first="Holger" last="Kreft">Holger Kreft</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a31"><institution>Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, Georg-August-University Göttingen</institution>, Büsgenweg 1, 37077 Göttingen,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kuhn, Ingolf" sort="Kuhn, Ingolf" uniqKey="Kuhn I" first="Ingolf" last="Kühn">Ingolf Kühn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a32"><institution>Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Department of Community Ecology</institution>, Theodor-Lieser-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a33"><institution>Department of Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg</institution>, Am Kirchweg 2, 06108 Halle,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a18"><institution>German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig</institution>, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lenzner, Bernd" sort="Lenzner, Bernd" uniqKey="Lenzner B" first="Bernd" last="Lenzner">Bernd Lenzner</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna</institution>, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna,<country>Austria</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liebhold, Andrew" sort="Liebhold, Andrew" uniqKey="Liebhold A" first="Andrew" last="Liebhold">Andrew Liebhold</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a34"><institution>US Forest Service Northern Research Station</institution>, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mosena, Alexander" sort="Mosena, Alexander" uniqKey="Mosena A" first="Alexander" last="Mosena">Alexander Mosena</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a35"><institution>Center for Interamerican Studies (CIAS), Department of Experimental and Systems Ecology, Bielefeld University</institution>, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moser, Dietmar" sort="Moser, Dietmar" uniqKey="Moser D" first="Dietmar" last="Moser">Dietmar Moser</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna</institution>, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna,<country>Austria</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nishino, Misako" sort="Nishino, Misako" uniqKey="Nishino M" first="Misako" last="Nishino">Misako Nishino</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a29"><institution>Biota of North America Program (BONAP)</institution>, 9319 Bracken Lane, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pearman, David" sort="Pearman, David" uniqKey="Pearman D" first="David" last="Pearman">David Pearman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a36"><institution>Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland (BSBI)</institution>, Suite 14, Bridge House, 1-2 Station Bridge, Harrogate HG1 1SS,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pergl, Jan" sort="Pergl, Jan" uniqKey="Pergl J" first="Jan" last="Pergl">Jan Pergl</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a16"><institution>Department of Invasion Ecology, Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences</institution>, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice,<country>Czech Republic</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rabitsch, Wolfgang" sort="Rabitsch, Wolfgang" uniqKey="Rabitsch W" first="Wolfgang" last="Rabitsch">Wolfgang Rabitsch</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a37"><institution>Department of Biodiversity and Nature Conservation, Environment Agency Austria</institution>, Spittelauer Laende 5, 1090 Vienna,<country>Austria</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rojas Sandoval, Julissa" sort="Rojas Sandoval, Julissa" uniqKey="Rojas Sandoval J" first="Julissa" last="Rojas-Sandoval">Julissa Rojas-Sandoval</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a38"><institution>Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, MRC-166 Smithsonian Institution</institution>, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roques, Alain" sort="Roques, Alain" uniqKey="Roques A" first="Alain" last="Roques">Alain Roques</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a39"><institution>Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)</institution>, UR 0633, Zoologie Forestière, 45075 Orléans,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rorke, Stephanie" sort="Rorke, Stephanie" uniqKey="Rorke S" first="Stephanie" last="Rorke">Stephanie Rorke</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a40"><institution>Centre for Ecology and Hydrology</institution>, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford OX10 8BB,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rossinelli, Silvia" sort="Rossinelli, Silvia" uniqKey="Rossinelli S" first="Silvia" last="Rossinelli">Silvia Rossinelli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a20"><institution>Department of Biology, University of Fribourg</institution>, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg,<country>Switzerland</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roy, Helen E" sort="Roy, Helen E" uniqKey="Roy H" first="Helen E." last="Roy">Helen E. Roy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a40"><institution>Centre for Ecology and Hydrology</institution>, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford OX10 8BB,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scalera, Riccardo" sort="Scalera, Riccardo" uniqKey="Scalera R" first="Riccardo" last="Scalera">Riccardo Scalera</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a41"><institution>IUCN Species Survival Commission Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG)</institution>, Via Valentino Mazzola 38 T2 B 10, I-00142 Roma,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schindler, Stefan" sort="Schindler, Stefan" uniqKey="Schindler S" first="Stefan" last="Schindler">Stefan Schindler</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna</institution>, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna,<country>Austria</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stajerova, Kate Ina" sort="Stajerova, Kate Ina" uniqKey="Stajerova K" first="Kate Ina" last="Štajerová">Kate Ina Štajerová</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a16"><institution>Department of Invasion Ecology, Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences</institution>, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice,<country>Czech Republic</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a17"><institution>Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Charles University in Prague</institution>, Viničná 7, CZ-128 44 Prague,<country>Czech Republic</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tokarska Guzik, Barbara" sort="Tokarska Guzik, Barbara" uniqKey="Tokarska Guzik B" first="Barbara" last="Tokarska-Guzik">Barbara Tokarska-Guzik</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a42"><institution>Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Silesia</institution>, Jagiellonska Strasse 28, 40-032 Katowice,<country>Poland</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Kleunen, Mark" sort="Van Kleunen, Mark" uniqKey="Van Kleunen M" first="Mark" last="Van Kleunen">Mark Van Kleunen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a25"><institution>Department of Ecology, University of Konstanz</institution>, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Walker, Kevin" sort="Walker, Kevin" uniqKey="Walker K" first="Kevin" last="Walker">Kevin Walker</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a36"><institution>Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland (BSBI)</institution>, Suite 14, Bridge House, 1-2 Station Bridge, Harrogate HG1 1SS,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weigelt, Patrick" sort="Weigelt, Patrick" uniqKey="Weigelt P" first="Patrick" last="Weigelt">Patrick Weigelt</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a31"><institution>Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, Georg-August-University Göttingen</institution>, Büsgenweg 1, 37077 Göttingen,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yamanaka, Takehiko" sort="Yamanaka, Takehiko" uniqKey="Yamanaka T" first="Takehiko" last="Yamanaka">Takehiko Yamanaka</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a43"><institution>Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, NARO (NIAES)</institution>, 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8604,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Essl, Franz" sort="Essl, Franz" uniqKey="Essl F" first="Franz" last="Essl">Franz Essl</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna</institution>, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna,<country>Austria</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a7"><institution>Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University</institution>, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602,<country>South Africa</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Nature Communications</title><idno type="eISSN">2041-1723</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Although research on human-mediated exchanges of species has substantially intensified during the last centuries, we know surprisingly little about temporal dynamics of alien species accumulations across regions and taxa. Using a novel database of 45,813 first records of 16,926 established alien species, we show that the annual rate of first records worldwide has increased during the last 200 years, with 37% of all first records reported most recently (1970–2014). Inter-continental and inter-taxonomic variation can be largely attributed to the diaspora of European settlers in the nineteenth century and to the acceleration in trade in the twentieth century. For all taxonomic groups, the increase in numbers of alien species does not show any sign of saturation and most taxa even show increases in the rate of first records over time. This highlights that past efforts to mitigate invasions have not been effective enough to keep up with increasing globalization.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hulme, P E" uniqKey="Hulme P">P. E. Hulme</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pysek, P" uniqKey="Pysek P">P. 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Weigelt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jetz, W" uniqKey="Jetz W">W. Jetz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kreft, H" uniqKey="Kreft H">H. Kreft</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hubbell, S P" uniqKey="Hubbell S">S. P. Hubbell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pinto Sanchez, N R" uniqKey="Pinto Sanchez N">N. R. Pinto-Sánchez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Crawford, A J" uniqKey="Crawford A">A. J. Crawford</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wiens, J J" uniqKey="Wiens J">J. J. Wiens</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wiens, J J" uniqKey="Wiens J">J. J. Wiens</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Afrique du Sud</li><li>Allemagne</li><li>Arabie saoudite</li><li>Australie</li><li>Autriche</li><li>Chili</li><li>France</li><li>Grèce</li><li>Italie</li><li>Japon</li><li>Nouvelle-Zélande</li><li>Pologne</li><li>Portugal</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>République tchèque</li><li>Suisse</li><li>Équateur</li><li>États-Unis</li></country></list><tree><country name="Allemagne"><noRegion><name sortKey="Seebens, Hanno" sort="Seebens, Hanno" uniqKey="Seebens H" first="Hanno" last="Seebens">Hanno Seebens</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Blasius, Bernd" sort="Blasius, Bernd" uniqKey="Blasius B" first="Bernd" last="Blasius">Bernd Blasius</name><name sortKey="Capinha, Cesar" sort="Capinha, Cesar" uniqKey="Capinha C" first="César" last="Capinha">César Capinha</name><name sortKey="Dawson, Wayne" sort="Dawson, Wayne" uniqKey="Dawson W" first="Wayne" last="Dawson">Wayne Dawson</name><name sortKey="Jeschke, Jonathan M" sort="Jeschke, Jonathan M" uniqKey="Jeschke J" first="Jonathan M." last="Jeschke">Jonathan M. Jeschke</name><name sortKey="Jeschke, Jonathan M" sort="Jeschke, Jonathan M" uniqKey="Jeschke J" first="Jonathan M." last="Jeschke">Jonathan M. Jeschke</name><name sortKey="Jeschke, Jonathan M" sort="Jeschke, Jonathan M" uniqKey="Jeschke J" first="Jonathan M." last="Jeschke">Jonathan M. Jeschke</name><name sortKey="Kreft, Holger" sort="Kreft, Holger" uniqKey="Kreft H" first="Holger" last="Kreft">Holger Kreft</name><name sortKey="Kuhn, Ingolf" sort="Kuhn, Ingolf" uniqKey="Kuhn I" first="Ingolf" last="Kühn">Ingolf Kühn</name><name sortKey="Kuhn, Ingolf" sort="Kuhn, Ingolf" uniqKey="Kuhn I" first="Ingolf" last="Kühn">Ingolf Kühn</name><name sortKey="Kuhn, Ingolf" sort="Kuhn, Ingolf" uniqKey="Kuhn I" first="Ingolf" last="Kühn">Ingolf Kühn</name><name sortKey="Mosena, Alexander" sort="Mosena, Alexander" uniqKey="Mosena A" first="Alexander" last="Mosena">Alexander Mosena</name><name sortKey="Seebens, Hanno" sort="Seebens, Hanno" uniqKey="Seebens H" first="Hanno" last="Seebens">Hanno Seebens</name><name sortKey="Van Kleunen, Mark" sort="Van Kleunen, Mark" uniqKey="Van Kleunen M" first="Mark" last="Van Kleunen">Mark Van Kleunen</name><name sortKey="Weigelt, Patrick" sort="Weigelt, Patrick" uniqKey="Weigelt P" first="Patrick" last="Weigelt">Patrick Weigelt</name><name sortKey="Winter, Marten" sort="Winter, Marten" uniqKey="Winter M" first="Marten" last="Winter">Marten Winter</name></country><country name="Autriche"><noRegion><name sortKey="Seebens, Hanno" sort="Seebens, Hanno" uniqKey="Seebens H" first="Hanno" last="Seebens">Hanno Seebens</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Dullinger, Stefan" sort="Dullinger, Stefan" uniqKey="Dullinger S" first="Stefan" last="Dullinger">Stefan Dullinger</name><name sortKey="Essl, Franz" sort="Essl, Franz" uniqKey="Essl F" first="Franz" last="Essl">Franz Essl</name><name sortKey="Lenzner, Bernd" sort="Lenzner, Bernd" uniqKey="Lenzner B" first="Bernd" last="Lenzner">Bernd Lenzner</name><name sortKey="Moser, Dietmar" sort="Moser, Dietmar" uniqKey="Moser D" first="Dietmar" last="Moser">Dietmar Moser</name><name sortKey="Rabitsch, Wolfgang" sort="Rabitsch, Wolfgang" uniqKey="Rabitsch W" first="Wolfgang" last="Rabitsch">Wolfgang Rabitsch</name><name sortKey="Schindler, Stefan" sort="Schindler, Stefan" uniqKey="Schindler S" first="Stefan" last="Schindler">Stefan Schindler</name></country><country name="Royaume-Uni"><noRegion><name sortKey="Blackburn, Tim M" sort="Blackburn, Tim M" uniqKey="Blackburn T" first="Tim M." last="Blackburn">Tim M. Blackburn</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Blackburn, Tim M" sort="Blackburn, Tim M" uniqKey="Blackburn T" first="Tim M." last="Blackburn">Tim M. Blackburn</name><name sortKey="Dawson, Wayne" sort="Dawson, Wayne" uniqKey="Dawson W" first="Wayne" last="Dawson">Wayne Dawson</name><name sortKey="Dyer, Ellie E" sort="Dyer, Ellie E" uniqKey="Dyer E" first="Ellie E." last="Dyer">Ellie E. Dyer</name><name sortKey="Dyer, Ellie E" sort="Dyer, Ellie E" uniqKey="Dyer E" first="Ellie E." last="Dyer">Ellie E. Dyer</name><name sortKey="Pearman, David" sort="Pearman, David" uniqKey="Pearman D" first="David" last="Pearman">David Pearman</name><name sortKey="Rorke, Stephanie" sort="Rorke, Stephanie" uniqKey="Rorke S" first="Stephanie" last="Rorke">Stephanie Rorke</name><name sortKey="Roy, Helen E" sort="Roy, Helen E" uniqKey="Roy H" first="Helen E." last="Roy">Helen E. Roy</name><name sortKey="Walker, Kevin" sort="Walker, Kevin" uniqKey="Walker K" first="Kevin" last="Walker">Kevin Walker</name></country><country name="Australie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Blackburn, Tim M" sort="Blackburn, Tim M" uniqKey="Blackburn T" first="Tim M." last="Blackburn">Tim M. Blackburn</name></noRegion></country><country name="Afrique du Sud"><noRegion><name sortKey="Blackburn, Tim M" sort="Blackburn, Tim M" uniqKey="Blackburn T" first="Tim M." last="Blackburn">Tim M. Blackburn</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Essl, Franz" sort="Essl, Franz" uniqKey="Essl F" first="Franz" last="Essl">Franz Essl</name><name sortKey="Pysek, Petr" sort="Pysek, Petr" uniqKey="Pysek P" first="Petr" last="Pyšek">Petr Pyšek</name></country><country name="Arabie saoudite"><noRegion><name sortKey="Blackburn, Tim M" sort="Blackburn, Tim M" uniqKey="Blackburn T" first="Tim M." last="Blackburn">Tim M. Blackburn</name></noRegion></country><country name="Italie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Genovesi, Piero" sort="Genovesi, Piero" uniqKey="Genovesi P" first="Piero" last="Genovesi">Piero Genovesi</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Brundu, Giuseppe" sort="Brundu, Giuseppe" uniqKey="Brundu G" first="Giuseppe" last="Brundu">Giuseppe Brundu</name><name sortKey="Celesti Grapow, Laura" sort="Celesti Grapow, Laura" uniqKey="Celesti Grapow L" first="Laura" last="Celesti-Grapow">Laura Celesti-Grapow</name><name sortKey="Genovesi, Piero" sort="Genovesi, Piero" uniqKey="Genovesi P" first="Piero" last="Genovesi">Piero Genovesi</name><name sortKey="Scalera, Riccardo" sort="Scalera, Riccardo" uniqKey="Scalera R" first="Riccardo" last="Scalera">Riccardo Scalera</name></country><country name="Nouvelle-Zélande"><noRegion><name sortKey="Hulme, Philip E" sort="Hulme, Philip E" uniqKey="Hulme P" first="Philip E." last="Hulme">Philip E. Hulme</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Pagad, Shyama" sort="Pagad, Shyama" uniqKey="Pagad S" first="Shyama" last="Pagad">Shyama Pagad</name></country><country name="République tchèque"><noRegion><name sortKey="Pysek, Petr" sort="Pysek, Petr" uniqKey="Pysek P" first="Petr" last="Pyšek">Petr Pyšek</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Pergl, Jan" sort="Pergl, Jan" uniqKey="Pergl J" first="Jan" last="Pergl">Jan Pergl</name><name sortKey="Pysek, Petr" sort="Pysek, Petr" uniqKey="Pysek P" first="Petr" last="Pyšek">Petr Pyšek</name><name sortKey="Stajerova, Kate Ina" sort="Stajerova, Kate Ina" uniqKey="Stajerova K" first="Kate Ina" last="Štajerová">Kate Ina Štajerová</name><name sortKey="Stajerova, Kate Ina" sort="Stajerova, Kate Ina" uniqKey="Stajerova K" first="Kate Ina" last="Štajerová">Kate Ina Štajerová</name></country><country name="Grèce"><noRegion><name sortKey="Arianoutsou, Margarita" sort="Arianoutsou, Margarita" uniqKey="Arianoutsou M" first="Margarita" last="Arianoutsou">Margarita Arianoutsou</name></noRegion></country><country name="Suisse"><noRegion><name sortKey="Bacher, Sven" sort="Bacher, Sven" uniqKey="Bacher S" first="Sven" last="Bacher">Sven Bacher</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Kenis, Marc" sort="Kenis, Marc" uniqKey="Kenis M" first="Marc" last="Kenis">Marc Kenis</name><name sortKey="Rossinelli, Silvia" sort="Rossinelli, Silvia" uniqKey="Rossinelli S" first="Silvia" last="Rossinelli">Silvia Rossinelli</name></country><country name="Portugal"><noRegion><name sortKey="Capinha, Cesar" sort="Capinha, Cesar" uniqKey="Capinha C" first="César" last="Capinha">César Capinha</name></noRegion></country><country name="Chili"><noRegion><name sortKey="Fuentes, Nicol" sort="Fuentes, Nicol" uniqKey="Fuentes N" first="Nicol" last="Fuentes">Nicol Fuentes</name></noRegion></country><country name="Équateur"><noRegion><name sortKey="J Ger, Heinke" sort="J Ger, Heinke" uniqKey="J Ger H" first="Heinke" last="J Ger">Heinke J Ger</name></noRegion></country><country name="États-Unis"><noRegion><name sortKey="Kartesz, John" sort="Kartesz, John" uniqKey="Kartesz J" first="John" last="Kartesz">John Kartesz</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Liebhold, Andrew" sort="Liebhold, Andrew" uniqKey="Liebhold A" first="Andrew" last="Liebhold">Andrew Liebhold</name><name sortKey="Nishino, Misako" sort="Nishino, Misako" uniqKey="Nishino M" first="Misako" last="Nishino">Misako Nishino</name><name sortKey="Rojas Sandoval, Julissa" sort="Rojas Sandoval, Julissa" uniqKey="Rojas Sandoval J" first="Julissa" last="Rojas-Sandoval">Julissa Rojas-Sandoval</name></country><country name="France"><noRegion><name sortKey="Roques, Alain" sort="Roques, Alain" uniqKey="Roques A" first="Alain" last="Roques">Alain Roques</name></noRegion></country><country name="Pologne"><noRegion><name sortKey="Tokarska Guzik, Barbara" sort="Tokarska Guzik, Barbara" uniqKey="Tokarska Guzik B" first="Barbara" last="Tokarska-Guzik">Barbara Tokarska-Guzik</name></noRegion></country><country name="Japon"><noRegion><name sortKey="Yamanaka, Takehiko" sort="Yamanaka, Takehiko" uniqKey="Yamanaka T" first="Takehiko" last="Yamanaka">Takehiko Yamanaka</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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